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[8]當(dāng)然也有一些反對意見。比如人們擔(dān)心這種審查與責(zé)任內(nèi)閣制(executive government)的理念并不太相容、或者擔(dān)心其成本過高等等。See Curtis L,“Crossing the Frontier between Law and Administration”,Canberra Bulletin of Public Administration(1989):55.關(guān)于澳大利亞責(zé)任內(nèi)閣制的具體內(nèi)涵參見 http:/ /australianpolitics.com/executive/cabinet - ministry/,on April 11,2012.
[9]Final Report of the Committee on Administrative Discretions,Parliamentary Paper No 316 of 1973(CGPS,1973).
[10]Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,238.
[11]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law(6th ed.),(Federation Press,2009),238ff.
[12]Chaaya Michae,l“Proposed Changes to the Review of Migration Decisions:Sensible Reform Agenda or Political Expediency?”,Sydney Law Review 19 (1997):547 - 548.
[13]See Kirby Michae,l“Have We Achieved RN Spann’s Vision of Administrative Law?”Australian Journal of Public Administration 56,(1997):5;Brennan,“The Parliament,the Executive and the Courts:Roles and Immunities”,Bond Law Review 9(1997):145.
[14]See Streets Sue,Cremean Damien,“Reforming Aspects of the‘New’Administrative Law System:Super Tribunals for Victoria and the Commonwealth”,Australian Business Law Review 26,(1998):308.
[15]Robin Creyke,“The Criteria and Standards for Merit Review by Administrative Tribunals”,National Law Review1,no.9(1998),5.
[16]這些質(zhì)疑和批評集中體現(xiàn)在 1995 年聯(lián)邦行政審查委員會(ARC)關(guān)于聯(lián)邦上訴裁判所的報告和 2000 年澳大利亞法律改革委員會(Australian Law Reform Commission,ALRC)關(guān)于聯(lián)邦民事審判制度的報告中。The Federal Administrative Review Council,Better Deci-sions Review of Commonwealth Merits Review,Tribunal Report No 39(1995);Australian Law Reform Commission,Managing Justice:A Re-view of the Federal Civil Justice System,Report No.89(2000).這兩個報告尤其主張加強(qiáng)調(diào)查程序、加強(qiáng)程序的非正式性、加強(qiáng)裁判所和行政機(jī)關(guān)之間的合作。需要說明的是,澳大利亞法律改革委員會(The Australian Law Reform Commission)是依據(jù)《澳大利亞法律改革委員會法》(Australian Law Reform Commission Act 1996(Cth.))年成立的。該委員會隸屬于聯(lián)邦司法部,主要從事與澳大利亞聯(lián)邦法律改革有關(guān)的調(diào)查研究活動,并依據(jù)自身的獨立調(diào)查和研究向聯(lián)邦議會和政府提供法律改革建議案。法律改革委員會的建議案并不具有法律強(qiáng)制力,但議會和政府通常會認(rèn)真考慮。截止 2010 年,法律改革委員會的建議案有 85% 得到議會和政府部分或者實質(zhì)性的采納。相關(guān)詳細(xì)信息可以參見該委員會官方網(wǎng)站 http:/ /www.a(chǎn)lrc.gov.a(chǎn)u/about。
[17]AAT Act(Cth),s.2A,3(1),8,Pt iii,25(4A),33(1AA),44.
[18]關(guān)于這些州級裁判所的的詳細(xì)介紹可以參見 Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,241 -246.
[19]AAT Act(Cth),ss.6 - 8.
[20]AAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,9.
[21]Ibid.,96[note].
[22]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law,248.Zeitz Susan,“Security of Tenure and Judicial Independence”,Journal of Judicial Administration 7(1998):161.
[23]Harsel Justin,“Tribunals in the System of Justice:the Need for Independence”,Australian Journal of Administrative Law 4(1997):206ff.
[24]AAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,9.
[25]《聯(lián)邦行政上訴裁判所法案》s.25(4)規(guī)定,聯(lián)邦行政上訴裁判所有權(quán)依照各種法令中關(guān)于行政決定的規(guī)定來審查這些決定。不過其同時規(guī)定,當(dāng)一項法令授權(quán)聯(lián)邦行政上訴裁判所對某類行政決定審查權(quán)時,其應(yīng)當(dāng)規(guī)定裁判所行使該項權(quán)力的程序(也可以規(guī)定參照其他已經(jīng)生效的法令的程序)。另外,法令還應(yīng)當(dāng)明確列舉其所規(guī)定的條款和程序適用于哪些行政機(jī)關(guān)的哪些決定,而不能籠統(tǒng)地規(guī)定其適用于某一主體的所有決定,或者適用于某一抽象的決定類型。
[26]Ibid.,12.
[27]AAT Act(Cth),s.19;Administrative Appeals Tribunal Regulations 1976(Cth),reg 4A;AAT Report 2010 - 2011,8.
[28]立法和公共事務(wù)常務(wù)委員會(The Legislative and General Purpose Standing Committees,簡稱“Senate Standing Committees”)是澳大利亞參議院常設(shè)委員會之一。該委員會于 2004 年成立,主要負(fù)責(zé)審查立法草案、政府的預(yù)算以及年度報告等。See Christine McDonald,Profile of Committees of the Australia Parliament Undertaking Budget Review,2009,1;Administrative Review Council,What decisions should be subject to merit review?參見 ARC 官方網(wǎng)站,http:/ / www.ema.gov.a(chǎn)u / agd / WWW / archome.nsf / Page / Publications_ Reports_Downloads_What_decisions_should_be_subject_to_merit_review,on April 14,2012.
[29]See Kuswardana v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs(1981)35 ALR 186 esp,194 ff;Re Bowen v Repatriation Commission (1993)32 ALF 700,709ff.
[30]AAT Act(Cth),s.29(2),(7).
[31]See Re Control Investment Pty.Ltd v Australia Broadcasting Tribunal (No.1)(1981)3ALD 74;cf Alphapharm Pty Ltd v Smithkline Beecham(Australia)Pty Ltd(1994)32 ALD 71;Brisbane Airport Corp Ltd v Wright(2002)77 ALD 411;Confidential v Commissioner of Taxation(2012)AATA 178.
[32]AAT Act(Cth),s.31.
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