[ 沈開舉 ]——(2013-3-4) / 已閱26749次
不過,行政上訴裁判所的政策審查在理論上依然存在很大的爭議。一些學(xué)者認(rèn)為,裁判所沒有能力在政策決定領(lǐng)域扮演如此重要的角色,允許裁判所進入政策決定領(lǐng)域,不但會導(dǎo)致人們對其司法功能的發(fā)揮喪失信心,而且可能導(dǎo)致政府的政策和決定出現(xiàn)不一致,[47]另外一些評論家則將政策審查視為是行政法發(fā)展過程中周期性出現(xiàn)的“自大病”。[48]而政策審查的支持者們則認(rèn)為,很多行政決定都是依據(jù)具體的行政政策做出的,如果裁判所不能審查政策問題,那么裁判所的功能就會大大縮減,裁判所也會落入被行政部門“俘獲”的危險之中。[49]
【注釋】
[1]不過,州政府和一些非政府部門的少量決定也屬于聯(lián)邦行政上訴裁判所的管轄對象。See AAT,Annual Report 2010 -2011,9.
[2]Australian Broadcasting Tribunal v Bond(1990)170 CLR 321.
[3]Administrative Review Council,What decisions should be subject to merit review?,Chapter 3(3.3 - 3.7);Department of Justice and Attorney- General,Administrative Review Policy,Approved by Cabinet,Oct.2008,5.
[4]Re Tradigrain Australia Pty Ltd v Export Development Grants Board (1984),6 ALD 442.Deputy Commissioner of Patents v Board of Control of Michigan Technological University(1979),28 ALR 551.
[5]Lane and Young,Administrative Law in Australia,254 - 255.另外,締結(jié)行政合同的行為是否屬于一種“行政決定”,也是有爭議的。為了應(yīng)對這一挑戰(zhàn),聯(lián)邦行政審查委員會(ARC)在 1998 年的報告中建議將裁判所的審查權(quán)限擴展到通過合同執(zhí)行法定權(quán)力以及政府機關(guān)在沒有法律規(guī)定的情況下通過合同履行公務(wù)等領(lǐng)域。Administrative Review Council,Recommendations,1998,20 - 21,23 -24.
[6]Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Pochi (1980)4 ALD 139,143(Smithers J).
[7]Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs(1979)24 ALR 577;Re Greenham v Minister for the Capital Territory(1979)2 ALD 137 at 141;Re Wong v Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs(2006)91 ALD 149,155ff.
[8]Re Mika Engineering Holding Pty Ltd v Commissioner of Taxation (2006)92 ALD 688,692.
[9]Cf Drake v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1979)2 ALD 60 at 77;Collins v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs (1981)4 ALD 198 at 202.Re Martin v Commonwealth of Australia(1982)5 ALD 277,285ff.
[10]AAT Act(Cth),s.43(6).
[11]Ibid.,s.43(1).
[12]比如《行政上訴裁判所法案》第 39 條規(guī)定,除了例外情況,行政上訴裁判所應(yīng)當(dāng)確保所有的當(dāng)事人可以獲得發(fā)表觀點、提交相關(guān)文件的公平機會,當(dāng)事人還有權(quán)查驗裁判所做出裁判依據(jù)的任何文件。See AAT Act(Cth),s.39.
[13]AAT Act(Cth),s 33(1)(c).
[14]Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs v Eshetu(1999)162 ALR 577 at 588;Trkulja v Administrative Appeals Tribunal [2006]FCA 152.
[15]Re Pochi v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairss (1979)26 ALR 247 at 356ff;Mt Gibson Manager Pty Ltd v Duty Commissioner of Taxation(1997)162 ALR 237,244.
[16]Re Waterford v Director General of Social Services(1980)3 ALD 63.
[17]Re Keane v Australian Postal Commission(1977),1 ALD 53.
[18]數(shù)據(jù)來源為 AAT Annual Report 2010 - 2011,24[table 3.9].
[19]Douglas,Douglas and Jones’s Administrative Law,289.
[20]Re Ganchov v Comcare (1990)19 ALD 541.
[21]AAT Act(Cth),s.44(1).
[22]在 114 起上訴案件中,有 93 起案件是依照《聯(lián)邦行政上訴裁判所法案》第 44 條提起的,另外 21 起是依據(jù)其他法案提起的。SeeAAT,Annual Report 2010 - 2011,18&25.
[23]Croker v Secretary Department of Employment and Workplace Relations [2006] FCA 1257;VCAT Act(Vic),s.3&148.
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