[ 劉 磊 ]——(2018-11-9) / 已閱20271次
對于侵犯憲法基本權(quán)利之外的其他的輕度違法偵查,可以設(shè)定相對彈性化的“排非”規(guī)則,即由法院“一次一案”地通過個(gè)案裁判建立排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),通過最高人民法院發(fā)布指導(dǎo)案例來逐步形成全國統(tǒng)一的指導(dǎo)性規(guī)則,這或許更適合中國的現(xiàn)實(shí)國情。同時(shí),對于專業(yè)性較強(qiáng)的偵查執(zhí)法行為,先由立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)制定更詳盡、細(xì)密化的偵查執(zhí)法規(guī)范,法院再參考偵查執(zhí)法規(guī)范進(jìn)行個(gè)案裁判,法院通過案例的累積來引導(dǎo)偵查機(jī)關(guān)以遵守法定程序的方式進(jìn)行取證。個(gè)案裁量排除模式的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是讓法院擁有更多的彈性空間,對于臥底線民、監(jiān)聽、誘捕偵查等諸多獲取嫌疑人言詞證據(jù)的偵查方式,由法院結(jié)合具體案情,逐案審查偵查訊問的合法性。
(三)違法言詞證據(jù)引入“毒樹果實(shí)”規(guī)則的必要性
根據(jù)美國憲法判例,只要警方以嚴(yán)重違反憲法第四、第五修正案的方式偵查取證,美國法院不僅強(qiáng)制排除違法偵查獲取的直接證據(jù),也排除隨后的衍生證據(jù),即使衍生證據(jù)是以合法方式取得的。在美國刑事訴訟程序中,警方的違法偵查行為被視為“毒樹”,違法偵查所取得的證據(jù)被法院視為第一代果實(shí),顯然要予以排除。警方違反憲法第四、第五修正案所獲得的第二代果實(shí),即衍生證據(jù),通常也要予以排除。雖然我國目前尚難以對所有的違法偵查均確立“毒樹果實(shí)”排除規(guī)則,但是對于嚴(yán)重的違法偵查行為,尤其是刑訊逼供、變相肉刑等極其嚴(yán)重的違法取證行為,則有必要確立“毒樹果實(shí)”規(guī)則來排除相關(guān)的衍生證據(jù),否則非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則將會(huì)被偵查機(jī)關(guān)所規(guī)避適用。審訊過程是犯罪嫌疑人與偵查機(jī)關(guān)最初直接接觸的階段,我國審訊過程通常是在無律師在場情況下的秘密場合中所完成。如果僅僅排除刑訊逼供直接產(chǎn)生的證據(jù),不排除隨后的衍生言詞證據(jù),非法證據(jù)排除規(guī)則的權(quán)威則會(huì)因此受損,也難以真正對偵查機(jī)關(guān)產(chǎn)生威嚇力。
(四)立法機(jī)關(guān)才是制定細(xì)密化“排非”標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的最佳機(jī)關(guān)
法院審查、排除某些違法證據(jù),至多只能為警方執(zhí)法提供少量的執(zhí)法規(guī)范。系統(tǒng)、完整的執(zhí)法規(guī)范由立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)制定詳盡的細(xì)則,更符合中國的現(xiàn)實(shí)。美國學(xué)者曾建議制定全美國統(tǒng)一的偵查執(zhí)法規(guī)范,但由于美國聯(lián)邦制傳統(tǒng)下各州與聯(lián)邦法律之間往往難以統(tǒng)一,在制定細(xì)密化、統(tǒng)一化的偵查執(zhí)法規(guī)范問題上,美國一直難有大的作為[4](P63-84)。中國的情況則相反,由立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)制定細(xì)密化的執(zhí)法規(guī)范,立法成本與推行難度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)小于美國,這也是中國刑事司法改革的后發(fā)優(yōu)勢之一。
對于攔停、搜查、扣押、高科技定位追蹤偵查、臥底偵查等諸多未必侵犯憲法基本權(quán)利的偵查行為,法官往往沒有一線執(zhí)法警察的經(jīng)歷,個(gè)案執(zhí)法中因案而異,法院并非“制定警察執(zhí)法規(guī)范”的最佳機(jī)關(guān),由立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)制定偵查規(guī)范細(xì)則更符合現(xiàn)代偵查專業(yè)化、技術(shù)化的發(fā)展趨勢。從美國的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)來看,法院的事后審查排除違法證據(jù)的范圍畢竟有限度,而且還曾因司法外政治、社會(huì)因素的影響造成前后判例立場上的反復(fù)不定,美國很多學(xué)者亦認(rèn)為,立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)才是制定警察執(zhí)法規(guī)范細(xì)則的最佳權(quán)力分支[33](P689)。對于刑訊逼供等嚴(yán)重侵犯憲法基本權(quán)利的違法取證,法院能夠?qū)`法證據(jù)依法予以強(qiáng)制排除;但對于搜查、扣押、線民取證等諸多不涉及憲法基本權(quán)利的取證行為,法院事后對執(zhí)法現(xiàn)場情況的判斷以及嚇阻效果的預(yù)估未必優(yōu)于立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)。
中國是成文法國家,只有在有明確且詳盡的排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的前提下,中國法院才能夠排除違法證據(jù)。中國案例指導(dǎo)制度對中國法官的影響力有限,由立法機(jī)關(guān)與執(zhí)法機(jī)關(guān)制定更詳盡的執(zhí)法細(xì)則,更能有效規(guī)范偵查行為,中國刑事司法改革較美國也更具后發(fā)優(yōu)勢。
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Exclusionary Rule Paradigm in China: Dilemma and Solutions
Liu Lei (Tongji University)
Abstract There exist many disparities between actual effects and legislation intent on the prob- lem of Chinese Exclusionary Rule, Chinese criminal courts are too weak to exclusive unlawfully obtained evidence which also brings in negative exclusion model in judicial practice. Chinese legal statutes on Exclusionary Rule still have some loopholes and Chinese special judicial backgrounds may lead to magnetic field effect for Chinese judges. Because Chinese Courts have not higher judicial authority than America, Chinese judges cannot be so passive as U.S. Supreme Court is, so as to make judicial decisions on Exclusionary Rule case-by-case. We can find both some good values and lessons from American Exclusionary Rule’s legal history. If China try to solve all the problems on unlawfully obtained evidence, first of all, it is necessary to accept the ideas of preventive vindication and the rule of “fruits of poisonous tree”. Secondly, Chinese judge must decide good options in different models such as absolute exclusion or relative exclusion on illegal evidence. Finally, legislators are the best department to make detailed and bright-line standard to deter police wrongful and illegal conduct. Only by these ways can China seek the best model according to judicial background.
Key words exclusionary rule on unlawfully obtained evidence; judicial magnetic force influence; preventive exclusion; fruit-of-poisonous-tree rule; criminal procedure
■ 收稿日期 2018-03-04
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